Jornal de Biomarcadores Moleculares e Diagnóstico

Single-stranded RNA’s have been causing respiratory diseases for many years. At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan of China. Since the first reports of cases from Wuhan, cases have been reported in all continents. COVID-19 has seen several mutations to date; the biggest challenges created by the four corona mutation are alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic, subclinical infection and mild illness to severe or fatal illness; deterioration can occur rapidly, often during the second week of illness. Management of the complications of COVID-19 relies on supportive care and oxygen supplementation via noninvasive or mechanical ventilation. Patients who are critically ill may require vasopressor support and antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections. Vaccines are being developed using a diverse range of delivery platforms, including DNA and RNA, self-amplifying RNA, virus-like particle, peptide, viral vector, recombinant protein, live attenuated virus and inactivated virus. The purpose of writing this article is to explain the history of diseases caused by single-stranded RNA’s and to examine the structure of the COVID-19 virus and the symptoms of the disease caused by this virus and possible treatment methods and vaccines.

Background and aim: Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is defined as a group of breast carcinomas that are negative for expression of hormone receptors Estrogen Receptor (ER) or Progesterone Receptor (PR) and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (Her2). In India, several reports have suggested that TNBC incidence is higher and up to 31%. Histological features of triple-negative breast cancer are reported to be common with those of basal-like subtype, comprising of high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma, no special type, invasive ductal carcinoma with a large central acellular zone, typical medullary carcinoma, and metaplastic carcinomas. In the present study, we aimed to correlate the pathological characteristics and evaluate IHC based expression of basal type biomarkers in triple negative breast carcinomas. Our study showed heterogeneity in histology, most of the TNBC cases in our study were IDC, NOS and there were a slightly higher percentage of atypical medullary cases as compared to other studies. Most of the cases were high grade based on modified NBR grading and majority of them turned out to be basal like on IHC. Distinctly found in our cases which had metastatic axillary lymph node was, basal immune phenotype unlike the case in other studies which demonstrated a higher proportion of lymph node negativity. As expected a high proportion of triple negative tumors showed a consistent basal cytokeratin expression (CK5/6 - 66%, CK14 -72%, CK17 - 68%). EGFR and p53 positivity did not show statistical significance between basal and non-basal groups. Proliferation marker Ki67 was statistically significant in basal like groups. Gene expression profiling is the gold standard for TNBC molecular subtype classification, however, IHC is an accepted 'surrogate marker' for identifying and classifying the 'basal like group'. Our findings suggest that pathologic characteristics cannot be used to accurately classify triple-negative breast cancer into basal and non-basal groups.

Relevance to patients: DNA microarray based molecular profiling may not be accessible always in clinical settings, this study has emphasized that identification of basal like subtype of breast cancers can be done by doing easily available surrogate Immunohistochemical biomarkers on TNBC, and thus help to provide the patient with relevant target based therapeutic benefit.