Journal of Bioengineering & Biomedical Science

Adenocarcinoma, a malignancy originating in glandular cells, is influenced significantly by genetic factors in its development and progression. This article explores the intricate relationship between genetics and adenocarcinoma, highlighting familial syndromes, genetic mutations, and molecular mechanisms. Genetic predisposition and mutations in specific genes elevate the risk, while oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and epigenetic changes drive progression. Genomic profiling enables targeted therapies, but challenges persist. Genetic counseling plays a crucial role in risk management and prevention. With advancing research, personalized medicine offers hope for more effective adenocarcinoma treatments. Understanding genetics in adenocarcinoma promises improved detection, treatment, and prevention strategies.

Background: Medication errors are common incidences in the nursing profession, which could lead to the increased length of hospital stay and treatment costs and occasionally severe damage to the patients or even mortality. The Many studies have investigated medication errors, with a few considering medication errors as a severe issue in the clinical setting. The aim of this study is working on approaches for preventing medication error.

Methods: This project started with a new researcher idea then by searching in the scientific content of articles and book, the title and proposal the project was compiled with opinion of the supervisor. Then model of the device was designed in collaboration with graphic & mechanical engineers. The main tool was invented by the researchers.

Results: Based on the results of these studies, one of the best ways to prevent medication errors and their side effects that cause death and disability is to use preventive devices, and the medication error prevention device was designed with this goal in mind. In addition, it is recommended to modify preventive policies such as the production of tools such as medication error prevention device.

The hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis is responsible for the maintenance of the metabolic processes in the human body. The hypothalamus releases Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) which stimulates the pituitary gland to release Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) which in turn leads to stimulation of the thyroid gland and release of Thyroxine (T4) and its active derivative Triiodothyroxine (T3). Malfunctioning of any component at any level of the hierarchy of the axis may lead to disorders of metabolism including obesity. The Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) is a hypothalamic peptide hormone that possesses a broad spectrum of effects mainly determined by its stimulatory effects on energy metabolism together with iodine containing hormones of the thyroid. The objective of this study is to determine association of a specific Mthfr single nucleotide polymorphism with obesity (BMI) in human at early age. This research included the obese and normal females visiting the hospitals of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The data about socio-demographic, physical health and lifestyle aspects was collected in the form of a predefined questionnaire Blood samples were collected. Using the traditional phenol-chloroform procedure, DNA was extracted from blood samples and kept at -20℃. The particular primers were created and enhanced for the gene. A particular restriction enzyme was used to digest the PCR-amplified products in order to identify polymorphisms. The digested product was electrophoresed with ethidium bromide staining on agarose gel, and the results were then seen using UV trans illumination. The DNA fragments of the wild-type and mutant varieties were obtained on the gel. The allele frequency of the C to T polymorphism was determined by counting alleles through electrophoresis gel analysis. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium of the alleles in the population. By adjusting the effects of confounding factors such age and socioeconomic characteristics, logistic regression analysis was used to establish the correlation between the polymorphism and BMI. Statistical significance was set at a p value of<0.05. MTHFR C677T was not linked to obesity in women according to our research. The present study has some limitations, including the fact that the subjects' levels of homocysteine and folate were not assessed. A follow-up research is therefore required to assess the folate and homocysteine levels in the obese patients in addition to the MTHFR C677T.

Pulpal calcifications or also called pulpal calcium degeneration are small masses of calcified tissue that obliterates part or almost all of the endodontic network, the presence of these masses can further complicate endodontic treatment and requires an adaptation of the therapeutic approach. The objective of this article is to illustrate the difficulties and the keys to success of endodontic treatment in the presence of pulpal calcifications. Three patients with three levels of difficulty; a free coronary pulp stone, an adherent coronary pulp stone and diffuse root canal calcification required well-adapted treatment in order to eradicate these calcified masses. The discovery of pulpal calcifications during daily practice is particularly frequent. These calcifications can present different clinical forms and pose problems of diagnosis and management. The indication for endodontic treatment cannot be based solely on the presence of pulp stone but on a diagnosis confirmed by a clinical and radiological examination showing the pulp status of the tooth.