Anahita Rabii, Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Anaerobic co-digestion of organic waste has attracted attention as a promising technology for waste management and biogas recovery. Several parameters need to be considered for the proper operation of this technology including the feedstock selection and their ratios. This research was aimed to investigate the influence of mixing and lipids: proteins: carbohydrates ratios on biomethane production in anaerobic co-digestion of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS), manure and source separated organics (SSO). The digestion reactors operated in batch mode under hemophilic condition. The results showed that the maximum methane yield was 356 mL CH4/g CODadded corresponding to TWAS: manure: SSO mixing ratio of 2:4:4 and lipids: proteins: carbohydrate ratio of 1: 3.5: 18.5. In comparison, 134, 299, and 332 mL CH4/g CODadded were obtained by mono digestion of TWAS, manure, and SSO. The trend of the methane yield variations in response to the COD: N and to the lipids: proteins ratios relatively conform to each other excluding some of the ratios. On the contrary, the methane yields demonstrated different responses to the ratios of lipids: carbohydrates and proteins: carbohydrates compared to COD: N ratios. Synergistic effect increased the methane yield by 19% in co-digestion of TWAS/manure/SSO.
Keywords: Biomethane Potential, Manure, Thickened Waste Activated Sludge, Mixture Ratio
Hafiz Muhammad Anwar Saleem, Department Of Environmental Engineerng University Of Engineering And Technology, Taxila
Actuaries are becoming more aware of the combined impact of climate change and limitations of resources—two separate and very significant issues—putting at risk the sustainability of the current socio-economic systems that support our way of life. Although actuaries do not claim professional expertise in environmental issues, they can be guided by the growing body of knowledge publicly available from reliable scientific sources. Being particularly qualified to deal with modelling financial consequences of risks and uncertainties, the actuarial profession has a duty to provide training and education on climate change and sustainability so that its members are qualified to contribute to the
well-being of the society. In undertaking this exercise, the actuarial profession needs to be cognizant of the fact that even within the climate change science community there are differing views on the nature and amplitude of the risks and the profession should be aware of these differing views
Climate change is more than global warming. The rise in average temperature is only one indicator of broader changes also translating into extreme temperatures, drought, flooding, storms, rising sea levels, impacts on food production, and infectious diseases. Although the scientific community has been aware of the link between greenhouse gases (GHGs) and climate change for many years, world leaders have been slow to react and implement measures to mitigate the risks.
Jiangwen Fan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
The Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) locates in the hinterland of the Qinhai-Tibet Plateau and is sensitive to the global climatic change. Due to climate changes and human activities, the ecosystems of TRHR degenerate seriously in recent decades. In order to restore the ecosystems and combat the effect of global warming in TRHR, Chinese government started the Ecological Conservation and Construction Program (SECCP) and planed to invest RMB 23.56 billion yuan from 2005 to 2020. This study aims to analyze the effects of climate change and human activities on ecological carrying capacity and ecological security, and evaluate the changes of ecological carrying capacity and ecological security at three different implementation periods, the pre-SECCP (2000-2004), the early-term (2005-2009) and the medium-term (2010-2015) period. In this study, we integrate the analytic hierarchy process and the indicator system method Which containing the dynamic data accessed by climatic observation, field investigation, socioeconomic statistics, remote sensing parameter inversion and model simulatio. The assessment results of ecological carrying capacity and ecological security are basically in line with the actual in the TRHR. The reasonable assessment of ecological carrying capacity and ecological security made in this study have crucial guiding significance for SECCP in TRHR.
Note : This work is partially presented at 6th Global summit on Climate Change on October 21-22, 2019 Amsterdam, Netherlands
Muskaan Chhibber, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA,
Community Health workers are equipped with the tools and resources necessary to bring about a change in the form of a rapid chain reaction. The CHW Model focuses on the practices, strategies, plans and implementation techniques needed to organize a Community Health event based on diverse agendas: health, environment and minorities. This model encompasses past experiences as a guide with tested strategies to assist future health interns with ground framework and resources to showcase the importance of adopting healthy and environment friendly practices.
The basic outline of the program is based on data collected from twenty community health events in Illinois. These events included back to the school fairs, cleanliness drives and health camps. As community health workers can help in implementing better practices in the masses through one-on-one interactions, this model of CHW programs would outline event organization tips, predicted outcomes, targeted audience and required material templates. The next phase of this model highlights utilizing the data and experience from these events to report to the health ministries of different countries for incorporation of the proposed practices in their health agendas and policies.
This model, if implemented unanimously could bring about a revolution in the arena of health workers. They will be assisted at each step, will establish connections with health workers globally and share their health and environment based agendas to collaborate and organize important events. This model envisions a strong established network of CHW, display of their agenda and creation of a ripple effect throughout the society by the means of these programs.
Note : This Work is Partially Presented at 6th Global summit on Climate Change was held on October 21-22, 2019 Amsterdam, Netherlands
Mr. Faijul Islam,Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka
This study is motivated by the susceptibility of rice farming to climate change and partly by the limited studies on this topic in Bangladesh. The study has investigated the socioeconomic condition, adaptation strategies, barriers to adaptation as well as influencing determinants of adaptation strategies of costal rice farmers using survey data of 120 households through simple random sampling from two costal Upazillas namely Betagi under the district of Barguna and Golacipa under the district of Patuakhali of Bangladesh. Different statistical analysis including MNL model are employed to fulfill the objectives of the study. The farmers have perceived a gradual increase in temperature but abnormality in rainfall which has serious impact on rice production. Farmers have taken a range of adaptation strategies to reduce the adverse impact of climate change. The major adaptation strategies are direct-seeded rice, supplementary irrigation, cultivation of HYV, adjusting planting calendars and techniques, livestock, duck and poultry rearing, and cultivation of non-rice crops. However, lack of weather forecast information, lack of knowledge concerning appropriate adaptation and poor information on early warning systems are among the important barriers to adaptation. The results of MNL model indicate that farming experience, access to agricultural credit, access to electricity, access to information and extension services have significant influence on the choice of adaptation strategies. Government policy should target improving farmers’ access to credit, electricity and extension services, and provide HYV varieties suitable for the local condition to enhance the adaptation capacity of the vulnerable rice farmers.
Note : This work is partially presented at 6th Global summit on Climate Change on October 21-22, 2019 Amsterdam, Netherlands
Folahan Adekola Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria,
Biomass can be defined as organic matter that is available on a renewable basis. It includes forest, agricultural crops and their residues. Biomass burning can therefore be regarded as the setting on fire of forests, woods and crops residues, shrubs and grasses, either intentionally or accidentally. Biomass burning is now recognized as a significant global source of emissions, contributing as much as 40% of gross carbon dioxide and 38% of tropospheric ozone. In Nigeria, biomass burning is widespread as it serves to clear land for shifting cultivation and to remove dry vegetation in order to promote agricultural productivity. Induced burning of trees in forested areas is a common practice in the guinea savanna zone of Nigeria purposely as a means of livelihood. This is done with the view of producing charcoal for domestic use in the urban centres of the country. The current review of the chemical issues in biomass burning in Nigeria has shown that a lot of work is still needed to be carried out, especially in respect to ground-based measurement of the chemical composition of resulting products across different ecological zones in Nigeria. Data are also lacking on the influence of biomass burning on the soil fertility in Nigeria. A collaborative research involving multi-disciplinary scientists from different countries in Sub Saharan African might be necessary for better understanding and for results comparison, and for the purpose of carrying out transport modelling across the continent.
Note : This work is partially presented on 6th Global summit on Climate Change October 21-22, 2019 at Amsterdam, Netherlands
Foluso Temitope Agulanna, Department Of Agricultural Economics, University Of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria
Over the last one and a half centuries ago, the world has warmed by approximately 0.850C. And nowadays, extreme weather events are becoming more intense and frequent. World Health Organization figures show that annually, warming and precipitation trends, due to anthropogenic climate change, have claimed over 150,000 lives globally. Thus, climate change and environmental degradation pose great challenges to humanity. More specifically, their effects on agriculture have been monumental, particularly in developing countries where agriculture is the primary employer and main source of food for majority of the rural poor. Vulnerability of African countries to the impact of climate change continues to increase, making the continent one of the world’s most exposed regions to environmental vicissitudes. Droughts and other climatic extremes have direct impacts on food crops and food supply. People are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns and indirectly through changes in water, air, food quality and quantity, ecosystems, agriculture, livelihoods, and infrastructure. Climate change currently contributes to the global burden of disease and premature deaths. Its effects on rural populations and regions include increased food insecurity due to geographical shifts in optimum crop-growing conditions and yield changes in crops, reduced water resources for agriculture and human consumption, and rise in sea levels flood leading to loss of cropping land through floods. This paper reviews empirical studies and observations of climate-health relationships in Nigeria. It focuses on the health implications of climate variability, past and present climate change impacts on agriculture, human health, future projections and uncertainties.
Keywords: Climate change, Agricultural productivity, Global warming, Human health, Nigeria
Note: This work is partially presented at 6th Global summit on Climate Change on October 21-22, 2019 Amsterdam, Netherlands
Md. Ashik Sarder, Disaster Management Officer International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Bangladesh
The geo-physical contexts of different areas of Bangladesh are diverse and distinctive from location to location. Each of the area has distinct characteristics and varied livelihoods pattern. The recent climate change has made different communities of Bangladesh vulnerable to frequent disasters. The impact of climate change has also been visible at river-adjacent communities. So, enhancing community resilience is very important to make the community people capable to cope with climate change and ensure sustainable livelihoods for future. If the community people become resilient, then they can come back in their previous usual situation within very short period after any type of disaster. The Khasbarashimul community is a flood-prone community situated in Sirajganj district of Bangladesh on bank of Jamuna River with having Brahmaputra delta characteristics. Most of the community people are marginalized; and agriculture and day-labouring are the main means of their livelihood. Almost every year, flood occurs and causes tremendous losses to property and livelihoods. The study has aimed to identify the flood vulnerability due to climate change on the Khasbarashimul community people and their livelihoods. The study has been conducted at participatory observation approach using both qualitative and quantitative research perspectives. The study has identified some of the local and indigenous community resilience techniques which the community people usually used to practice as solutions to escape from flood vulnerability by their own knowledge and experiences. Some of other resilience techniques and solutions have also been suggested to make community people more resilient to disasters and flood risks resulted from climate change. Key Words: Climate Change, Resilience, Floods, Vulnerability
Pierre Meerts
In Katanga (D.R. Congo), a long history of mining activities has contaminated soils with heavy metals over very large areas. This represents a major concern to sustainable development and human health. Ecological restoration of those areas is challenging. The speech will present the results of a cooperation development project with the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences of the University of Lubumbashi, focused on the restoration of soil polluted by the metallurgical industry. The most original ecosystems in Katanga are the so-called "copper hills" i.e. natural outcrops of bedrock enriched in copper and cobalt. The natural vegetation of copper hills is surprisingly rich and diversified. The project developed applied ecological research in copper hills and ex situ i.e. in a botanic garden created for the occasion. A number of “metallophytes” have been screened for heavy metal tolerance and accumulation and for other traits of interest. One species has emerged as a good candidate and has been successfully domesticated in the botanic garden. The first in situ “phytostabilisation” trials have been installed in the area contaminated by atmospheric fallout downwind the copper smelter of Lubumbashi. Establishment, growth and survival have been monitored for 5 years. The results show that Katangan metallophytes exhibit extraordinary ecophysiological properties which are still poorly understood. They represent unique biological resources to ecological restoration of metal-polluted soils in tropical regions. The conservation of those resources must be explicitly considered in ongoing and future mining projects in Katanga.
Gajbhiye
Delivery of the bioactive to the brain is the utmost challenging task to cope with brain diseases. Brain is protected with blood brain barrier, blood-CSF barrier and efflux systems, which controls the entry of body as well as foreign compounds to access the brain cells. Only nutrients, which are essential for normal metabolism, can enter into the brain. In the shadow of this fact new strategies are being investigated to facilitate the entry of administered therapeutic compound into the brain. Active targeting is a evolving approach, which uses ligand and suitable carrier for the site-specific delivery and is being recently achieved by the use of Nano carriers. These Nano carriers are Nano sized systems, which act as a cargo for the encapsulated drugs. At the same time, endo- or exogenous ligand can be attached to these Nano carriers to recognize specific receptors on brain capillary endothelium leading to delivery of drug in the vicinity of brain cells. Their potential is under immense investigation to increase the therapeutics outcome in the treatment of brain related problems. This review deals with the recent advances in nanocarriers based novel strategies for effective brain specific delivery.
Jinying Yan
A concept of sustainable water-energy-environment nexus has been developed for thermal bioenergy conversion processes as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Two case studies are performed in a biomass-fired CHP plant and a waste incineration unit, which intend to approve and implement the concept. The main results from the case study on stormwater issues in biomass-fired CHP plant show that the biomass fuel storage can play an important role in the sustainable development for the water-energy-environment nexus. It has been proved that the water adsorption capacity of wood chips can be used as a buffer to reduce water runoff, to extend the time for natural water evaporation, to receive the recycled runoff water without significant impacts on fuel quality. The runoff water absorbed by the biomass fuels could increase heat recovery and water reuse. The results also indicate that it is possible to achieve near zero water runoff and wastewater emissions in the tested plant area by an integration of stormwater management with the bioenergy conversion processes. Another case study is focused on a closed water loop in Waste-to-Energy (waste incineration) unit. The closed water loop can properly integrate the thermal energy conversion with an efficient flue gas cleaning, cost-effective water treatment and energy-effective water recovery. The investigation shows that it is possible to achieve a near zero wastewater discharge, which could also result in a significant amount of water recovery for internal usage. The two case studies demonstrate that sustainable water-energy-nexus could be set up in biomass energy conversion processes, which can provide good solutions handle important issues associate with water resource, energy efficiency and emissions to air and waters in bio energy conversion processes. Recent Publications 1. Galanopoulos C, Yan J., Li H, Liu L (2018) Impacts of acidic gas components on combustion of contaminated biomass fuels. Biomass and Bioenergy 111:263-277. 2. Li H, Tan Y, Ditaranto M, Yan J, Yu Z (2017) Capturing CO2 from biogas plants. Energy Procedia 114:6030-6035. 3. Larsson M, Yan J, Nordenskj�ld C, Forsberg K, Liu L (2016) Characterisation of stormwater in biomass-fired combined heat and power plant ??? Impacts of biomass fuel storage.
Divaldo Rezende
Most of the biomass present in the planet is in the form of microorganisms. Recent molecular studies indicate that 1 g of soil may contain about 10 billion cells and thousands of microbial species. The discovery that the vast majority of these microorganisms are not cultivable (<1%) stimulated the development of technologies for culture-independent molecular studies (metagenomics). Currently, metagenomics arises as the main method of biotechnological search for new genes, enzymes and bioactive drugs. Metagenomics-based bioprospecting activity and the discovery of new substances of industrial interest have stimulated huge investments in research and the creation of several biotechnology companies worldwide. Large pharmaceutical companies, for instance, often hire small and medium enterprises to bioprospect for new molecules and to do the initial screening for potentially valuable products. The South Amazon Ecotone is located at the contact region between the Cerrado and the Amazon forest, and is commonly defined as the Amazonian savannas. The climate and geological characteristics of this region enable the development of a complex and sensitive biotic system and high level of endemism. This system depends on microorganisms to maintain the essential ecological processes. In general, the various interactions that occur between microorganisms and the environment (e.g. nutrient cycling) and other macro-organisms (e.g. symbionts) are considered essential to maintaining the health of ecosystems. Studies conducted at the beginning of this millennium, indicate that the Brazilian Cerrado belongs to the group of 25 “hotspots”recognized as the main centers of biodiversity in the world. The environmental conditions that enable the development of ecotone unique gene pools probably hold immeasurable potential for biotechnology. However, the biotechnological potential associated with this diversity is still mostly unknown as the Amazonian savannas have been poorly studied. This project proposes the creation of a research Center for Metagenomics and Bioprospecting in Cerrado (RCMB). Its main task will be to promote the bio-entrepreneurship, study, conservation and sustainable management of the Cerrado and its transition ecosystems.
Farya Zafar
Necessary use of antibiotics helps to facilitate the treatment of numerous infectious diseases. With the expansion and the development of new antibiotics, the rising incidence of microbial resistance among pathogens is alarming. The efficacy of various effective antibiotics is questionable. We are continuously exposed with the challenge to provide useful regimen to our patients who do not further facilitate resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate common diseases, determining the ratio of conducting culture sensitivity tests and finding the correct consistency of antibiotics during the use by evaluating numerous parameters such as length of therapy, dose and frequency of dosing. We collected the data from various hospital settings of Karachi, Pakistan. Data was gathered from 90 paediatric residents during August to December, 2009. Results showed that acute gastro enteritis is the most common disease found among paediatric residents. Culture sensitivity test was not performed in majority of cases while inappropriateness related to the period of therapy and prescribed dose is mostly seen during the study as compared to frequency of dosing. It is essential that there should be a patterned guideline for the treatment of the common diseases that help the providers of health care team to treat different diseases and to suitably prescribed antibiotics.
Martin Stas
Pyrolysis bio-oils are promising sustainable feedstock that can be utilized as biofuels and for the creation of significant oxygencontaining synthetic substances. An increasingly boundless utilization of bio-oils from a lignocellulosic biomass requires progressively itemized information on their organization. In this work, we arranged bio-oils by means of the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (for example principle building squares of lignocellulose). For the got bio-oils, we performed investigations of essential physical and synthetic properties and a thorough compound portrayal moreover. The outcomes got for these fundamentally less unpredictable bio-oils can be useful to comprehend the compound sythesis of entire bio-oils in more detail. Ongoing Publications 1. Sta?, M., Kubi?ka, D., Chudoba, J., and Posp?il, M.: Overview of Analytical Methods Used for Chemical Characterization of Pyrolysis Bio-oils. Vitality and Fuels 2014, 28, 385-402. 2. Sta?, M., Chudoba, J., Kubi?ka, D., and Posp?il, M.: Chemical Characterization of Pyrolysis Bio-oil: Application of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Vitality and Fuels 2015, 29, 3233-3240. 3. Sta?, M., Chudoba, J., Auersvald, M., Kubi?ka, D., Conrad, S., Schulzke, T., and Posp?il, M.: Application of orbitrap mass spectrometry for investigation of model bio-oil mixes and quick pyrolysis bio-oils from various biomass sources. Diary of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2017, 124, 230-238. 4. Stas??, M., Chudoba, J., Kubic??ka, D., Blaz??ek, J., and Pospi?s?? il, M.: Petroleomic Characterization of Pyrolysis Bio-oils: A Review. Vitality and Fuels 2017, 31, 10283-10299. 5. Kochetkova, D., Bla?ek, J., ?im?ek, P., Sta?, M., and Be??o, Z.: Influence of rapeseed oil hydrotreating on hydrogenation movement of CoMo impetus. Fuel Processing Technology 2016, 142, 319-325.
Ali A.Al-Homaidan
In this study, the economically important micro-alga (cyanobacterium) Spirulina platensis was used as biosorbent for the removal of copper from aqueous solutions. The cyanobacterium was exposed to various concentrations of copper and adsorption of copper by the biomass was evaluated under different conditions that included pH, contact time, temperature, concentration of adsorbate and the concentration of dry biomass. Increased adsorption of copper by the non-living biomass was recorded with gradually increasing pH, and a maximal uptake by the biomass was observed at pH 7. The adsorption of copper was found to increase gradually along with decrease in biomass concentration. Biosorption was found to be at a maximum (90.6%), in a solution containing 100 mg copper/L, at pH 7, with 0.050 g dry biomass and at 37 °C with 90 min of contact time. Analysis of the spectrum obtained with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), indicated that the adsorbent has a great potential to remove copper from aqueous media contributing to an eco-friendly technology for efficient bioremediation in the natural environment.
Kgothatso E Machaba
Background: Virtual Screening (VS) is powerful tool in discovering molecular inhibitors which are most likely to bind to drug targets of interest. Herein, we introduce a novel VS approach, so-called ??? tailored-pharmacophore???, in order to explore inhibitors that overcome drug resistance. Results/Methodology: The emergence and spread of drug resistance strains of tuberculosis is one of the most critical issues in health care. A tailored-pharmacophore approach was found promising to identify in silico predicted hit with better binding affinities in case of the resistance mutations in MtbHadAB as compared to thiacetazone, a prodrug used in the clinical treatment of TB. Conclusions: This approach can potentially be enforced for the discovery and design of drugs against a wide range of resistance targets.
Zhi-Ying Zhan, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
The associations between meteorological factors and mortality have been well documented worldwide, but limited evidence is available for the non-fatal health impacts of ambient temperature, particularly there are few population-based investigations on the impacts of emergency ambulance dispatches in Asia. In this study, based on 809,906 ambulance emergency call-outs (AECOs) for the total population from 2010–2016 in the subtropical city of Shenzhen, China, a Poisson regression combined with a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to simultaneously assess the nonlinear and lag effects of daily mean temperature on AECOs. Stratified analyses by age and sex were performed to identify vulnerable subpopulations. A U-shaped relationship was found between temperature and AECOs. Cold effects were delayed and persisted for 3–4 weeks, with a cumulative relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.23 (1.10–1.38) and 1.25 (1.16–1.35) over lag 0–28 when comparing the 1st and 5th percentile of the temperature distribution to the optimal (i.e. minimum AECOs) temperature, respectively. Hot effects were immediate and diminished quickly in 5 days, with an increase of 19% (RR = 1.19, 95%CI: 1.14–1.23) and 21% (RR =1.21, 95%CI: 1.16–1.26) in AECOs over lag 0–5 when comparing the 95th and 99th percentile of temperature to the optimal temperature. Children and the elderly were more vulnerable to cold effects. The youth and middle-aged people suffered more from high temperature. The effects of temperature were similar between males and females. In summary, significant increases were observed in the frequency of AECOs during cold and hot days, and the weather-associated increases in AECOs are different among age groups. This information has valuable implications in ambulance demand prediction and service provision planning.
Yared Mulat Tefera,Hawassa University Wondogenet College of Forestery and Natural Resource, Ethopia.
Understanding and assessing soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) within the framework of greenhouse gas emissions and land degradation is crucial in combating climate change and enhancing ecological restoration. The goal of this study was to quantify the current SOCS of major land use types in Kersa sub-watershed, eastern Ethiopia. Replicated soil samples from 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm depth were collected from three major land use types: grazing, cultivated, and fallow lands. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means and Pearson correlation analysis was used to see relationships between selected soil parameters. The results of the study revealed significant (P≤ 0.05) difference in SOCS under the different land use types. Soil under grazing land use type had significantly higher SOCS (42.9 t/ha and 32.9 t/ha) than the cultivated (32.6 t/ha and 26.3 t/ha) and fallow (23 t/ha and 12.5 t/ha) land use types in the surface and subsurface layers, respectively. Soil organic carbon stock decreased with soil depth in all the land use types and showed positive and significant correlation (P≤ 0.05) with clay content, while it was negatively and significantly correlated with bulk density. The results show the potential contribution of vegetation cover as a land use to enhance soil organic carbon sequestration and environmental protection.
M. Ray Thomasson, Thomasson Partner Associates Inc., Denver, Colorado, USA
First let us state that the authors are avid environmentalists. Every geologist we know loves nature and “The out-of-doors” and wants to protect and preserve our planet. Concern for the environment should not be confused with climate change. The popular media have been expounding on climate change for many years without considering the underlying data that could substantiate their presentation of the issue. The authors present a “CO2 is not the problem” approach to challenging the media about climate change, and look forward to a “CO2 is the problem” response.
The Scientific Method is used in all scientific endeavors. It takes many shapes and forms, and involves three principal steps: After finding scientific data that suggest a particular outcome, the scientists:
1. Construct a Hypothesis. The scientists state both the hypothesis and the resulting prediction they will be testing.
2. Test the Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment. The experiment tests whether the prediction is accurate and thus the hypothesis is supported or not. In the absence of a laboratory experiment, historical observations must be used.
3. Analyze the Data and Draw a Conclusion. Once the experiment (observed data) is complete, collect measurements and analyze them to see if they support the hypothesis or not. If not, go back and create another hypothesis; if it does, you publish the findings so that others may test the hypothesis (replicate the experiment).
Point (1) above has been accomplished for climate change. What has been lacking in most of the Global Warming/Climate Change studies are (2) and (3). There is no substitute for objective, historical data. What follows is an attempt to refute newspaper, TV and radio opinions based on models that are badly flawed. We present a point by point discussion of what the DATA can tell us. Any statement not backed up by DATA is an opinion and may be true, false or misleading. Computer models are opinions.
Charmaine Moyo,University of South Africa
Global warming occurs when incoming ultra violet solar radiation from the sun strikes the earth and is absorbed by the atmosphere, earth’s surface and water bodies. Much of it is then reflected back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation, keeping the earth habitable. For earth’s temperatures to remain stable these two should be in equilibrium. However, they are not, due to the emission of green-house gases by anthropogenic activities, that result in the green-house effect (because a similar process occurs in a green-house, high energy UV radiation penetrates the glass walls of a green-house, but weaker IR cannot pass through the glass, the trapped IR keeps the greenhouse warm even in the coldest winter weather). This has resulted in the increase in the average temperatures of the earth’s surface and oceans. Long term heating of the earths’ climate system has been observed since the pre-industrial period between 1850 and 1900, the earth’s average global temperature has risen by about 1degree Celsius and is increasing by 0,2 degrees Celsius per decade due to human activities primarily fossil fuel burning and deforestation which increase the concentration of heat trapping green-house gases in the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) affirms that
of the increase of global temperatures is attributed to anthropogenic activities mainly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Global warming is caused by both human and naturala ctivities, which include volcanic eruptions andsolar activity.
Warega JA1, 1Kenyatta University Department of physics, Nairobi Kenya
The survey used Autograv.C.G 5 type Gravimeter over short wavelength by marking stations 310m intervals. The data was processed to remove all other effects independent of the subsurface changes in density. The complete bouguer anomaly was computed and Surfer 11 software has been used to draw contour anomaly map of the study area. Quantitative analysis of the contuor map indicates regions of gravity highs which were analysed as bodies of high density within the earth’s crust. Four profiles were drawn. The gravity anomaly was interpreted by inspection of profiles and separating the residual anomaly from the regional gravity field. 2D Euler deconvolution was done on the data profiles, indicated subsurface bodies and faults at depth between 10m and 50m. A 2D gravity model along the four profiles were generated by the computer application based on algorithm in the Grav. 2dc. The obtained results revealed presence of dense body intrusions with the contrasting density ranging from 0.22g/cm3 to 0.50g/cm3. These bodies were interpreted as intrusive dykes that have higher density than surrounding rocks and probably are conduits of heat from the geothermal reservoir imaged at bottom depth of between 500m – 1000m below the surface. Advance methods of gravity data analysis such as Tensor Euler deconvolution is recommended to be carried out in Olkaria Domes to verify the results since this technique honours responses from many dimensions and deconvolution without gridding. Collection of more gravity data over steep and wild animal habitat areas is also required for deeper probing on longer profiles
Shonisani Norman Singo
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates pollution sources affecting Mamelodi Township within the City of Tshwane in Gauteng province, South Africa. Gauteng province has also the largest population in South Africa. The ambient pollution concentration at the vicinity of Mamelodi depends upon their output of gases from various activities emanates from biogenic and anthropogenic. Anthropogenic activities are the main made sources of emissions such as domestic fuel burning, industrial activities and transport emissions.It is therefore an objective of this study to assess and determine significant sources of emission which are affecting the Mamelodi Ambient Monitoring Station by investigating ambient concentration correlation parameters, pollution roses and probability functions modelling. Investigations will be focus on the following pollutants Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone and Particulate Matter of less than ten micro diameter. In this study k-means clustering techniques has been applied to bivariate polar plot to identify and group similar features.
Methodology and results: The following methodology will be used in the analyzing of correlation of pollutants at different receptors which are affecting Mamelodi ambient monitoring station. The study uses pollution rose polar coordinates plots to provide a useful graphical technique which provides directional information on sources. Ambient concentration, wind direction together with wind speed can be highly effective at discriminating different emission sources affecting the ambient station. Data collection dated first January 2012 to 30 April 2018. The data processed and imported in the open-air model are presented in comma separated value (csv) format which is extension files of Microsoft Excel. The study has divulge major and minor sources at the received environment. The results has display strong positive correlation of oxides of nitrogen and Nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide sources has display positive moderate correlation of ambient concentrations. The problematic areas emission sources were discovered for ozone and particulate matter less than ten micro diameter per cubic meter on the North west of Ambient monitoring station. Nitrogen dioxide and Sulphur dioxide has reveled local and far sources affecting the ambient monitoring station. The study has thoroughly investigate bivariate polar plot using K-means clustering to discriminate of similarity or dissimilarity between the features which can be identified and grouped.
This Work is presenting at 8th Global Summit and Expo on Pollution Control On August 24-25, 2020 Webinar
Introduction:
Identifying activities and emissions contributing to the ambient air pollution is vital in order to implement proper reduction measures to the source. Ambient air quality is defined as the physical and chemical measure
quality is reported to have deteriorated seriously, especially in urban areas, exposing populations to pollutant levels above the recommended limits (van der Leun et al.,1998). of pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere to which the general population is exposed. Concentrations are vary by wind speed and wind direction plot as continuous surface and surfaces are calculated through modelling using smoothing techniques. In most developing countries, ambient air
1.2 Study Area
Mamelodi township is located in the City of Tshwane in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Gauteng Province is not only the wealthiest province in South Africa (CDP, 2014) it is also its economic hub, accounting for 36 per cent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 10% of the African continent’s GDP. It is important to understand potential activities at the vicinity of the study area before investigating ambient sources in Mamelodi Township. Identification of current sources is important factors in identifying unknown source that may affect the ambient monitoring station. The activities that has higher probability to affect Mamelodi ambient monitoring station which are located within 5,89 kilometers of the Mamelodi ambient station and there are various sources of emissions. There are three different facilities located on the west of south west of the ambient monitoring stations which are storing and handling of petroleum product such as diesel, petroleum and alumina paraffin. The facilities are located at less than 2,6 kilometers which are Engen Petroleum (Pty) Ltd, Chevron (Pty)Ltd, BP Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd and Total South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Transnet pipelines is for storage and handling of petroleum products located on the south of south west of the ambient monitoring station at 1,92 kilometers away. Above mentioned fuel storage facilities has permanent immobile liquid storage facilities at a same site with a combined storage tanks of greater than 1000 cubic meters. The atmospheric emissions expected from these sites are the vapours from the stored petroleum products and will largely be made up of various volatile organic compounds. There is Afrisam quarry on the north west of the ambient monitoring station located at 5,82 kilometres away and emission associated with quarry are particulate matters and total suspended particulates. On the south west of the ambient monitoring station there is facility called Silverton Engineering located at 3,79 kilometers away from Mamelodi Ambient Monitoring Station. Metallic objects are coated at Silverton Engineering in a layer of zinc by dipping them in molten zinc either in a continuous process or in batches. Pre-treatment of the articles ensure that the surface is in an optimum state to accept the coating involves a series of chemical baths. The first step is to clean the oil on the surface of the article from production which is knows as caustic dip, followed by rinsing to remove the caustic solution. Pickling in acid follows to remove any oxide scale on the surface, followed by fluxing to increase the bonding ability of the zinc and the metal. The articles are then dipped into the molten zinc bath and the final step in the process is quenching. These processes will emit metal fumes and hydrogen chloride and any acid related pollutant depending on the type of acid which requires extraction system to make the workplace safe. The Gauteng province also experiences a high-energy demand and motorization due a combination of factors i.e. rapid population growth, industrialization and relatively high living standard. Gauteng province has the largest amount of vehicles in South Africa from eNatis statistics in the year 2018. The petroleum fuel used by motor vehicles is made up of a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons and paraffins which ignites at high temperatures in the air. The incomplete combustion of the petroleum in the engine of the vehicle results in exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds ozone precursor gases, and particulate matter. Diesel fuel vehicle generally are known of less carbon dioxide which results on high particulate matter at the exhaust. The concentration of air pollution in a given environment depends on both the amount of pollution produced and the rate at which pollutants disperse. Wind direction together with wind speed can be highly effective at discriminating different emission sources.
|
Table 1: Facilities around Mamelodi Ambient Monitoring |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wind Speed |
10 m/s |
8 m/s |
6 m/s |
4 m/s |
|
2 m/s |
|
|
|
|
Time |
Time |
Time |
Time |
|
Time |
|
|
Kilometers |
Meters |
(min) |
(min) |
(min) |
(min) |
|
(min) |
|
Radius |
5,89 |
5890 |
10 |
12 |
16 |
|
25 |
48 |
|
Afrisam |
5,82371 |
5823,71 |
10 |
12 |
16 |
|
24 |
49 |
|
Silverton |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Engineering |
3,79102 |
3791,02 |
6 |
8 |
11 |
|
16 |
32 |
|
Transnet |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pipelines (Pty)Ltd |
1,92485 |
1924,85 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
8 |
16 |
|
Total South |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Africa (Pty) Ltd |
2,47336 |
2473,36 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
|
10 |
21 |
|
BP Southern |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Africa (Pty) Ltd |
2,55461 |
2554,61 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
|
11 |
21 |
|
Chevron (Pty) Ltd |
2,34871 |
2348,71 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
|
10 |
20 |
|
Engen Petroleum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Pty) Ltd |
2,20203 |
2202,03 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
9 |
18 |
2. Literature Review
Abdeen Mustafa Omer The demand for energy continued to outstrip supply and necessitated the development of biomass option. Residues were the most popular forms of renewable energy and currently biofuel production became much promising. Agricultural wastes contained high moisture content and could be decomposed easily by microbes. Agricultural wastes were abundantly available globally and could be converted to energy and useful chemicals by a number of microorganisms. Compost or bio-fertiliser could be produced with the inoculation of appropriated thermophilic microbes which increased the decomposition rate, shortened the maturity period and improved the compost (or bio-fertiliser) quality. The objective of the present research was to promote the biomass technology and involved adaptive research, demonstration and dissemination of results. With a view to fulfill the objective, a massive field survey was conducted to assess the availability of raw materials as well as the present situation of biomass technologies. In the present communication, an attempt had also been made to present an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. We may conclude from the review paper that biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, not only in urban areas but also in remote rural areas. Keywords: Biomass resources, agricultural wastes, energy, environment, sustainable development This Work is presenting at 8th Global Summit and Expo on Pollution Control On August 24-25, 2020 Webinar The present review article makes an attempt to comprehensively review various aspects of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce emissions globally. An attempt has been made to review the current literature regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass technology. The environmental problems are increasing. Nevertheless, some residues have negative effects and should be treated to preserve a durable environment. Hence, sensibility and legislative text to organise the treatments of industry activities waste should be more reinforced. At the beginning of the century, the humanity will have to take up an important challenge to establish a sustainable environment and consequently the well being of actual and coming generation. The management of the industrial activities residues is classified urgently in the list of challenge. Since the agro-alimentary industries is growing fast with increased food production in order to realise the food security for growing population. Technological innovations are the support to obtain a final product that can be recycled and used with a minimum of risking. This study highlights the energy problem and the possible saving that can be achieved through the use of biomass sources energy. Also, this study clarifies the background of the study, highlights the potential energy saving that could be achieved through use of biomass energy source and describes the objectives, approach and scope of the theme. The purpose of this study, however, is to contribute to the reduction of energy consumption in buildings, industry, and agriculture and identify biomass as an environmental friendly There is strong scientific evidence that the average temperature of the earth surface is rising. This was a result of the increased concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) atmosphere as emitted by fossil fuels burning (Robinson, 2007; Omer, 2008). The global warming will eventually lead to substantial changes in the world climate, which will, in turn, have a major impact on human life and the environment. Energy use can be achieved by minimising the energy demand, by rational energy use, by recovering heat and the use of more green energies. This will lead to fossil fuels emission reduction. This study was a step towards achieving this goal. The adoption of green or sustainable approaches to the way in which society is run is seen as an important strategy in finding a solution to the energy problem. The key factors to reducing and controlling CO2, which is the major contributor to global warming, are the use of alternative approaches to energy generation and the exploration of how these alternatives are used today and may be used in the future as green energy sources. Even with modest assumptions about the availability of land, comprehensive fuel-wood farming programmes offer significant energy, economic and environmental benefits. These benefits would be dispersed in rural areas where they are greatly needed and can serve as linkages for further rural economic development. The nations as a whole would benefit from savings in foreign exchange, from energy security, and socio-economic improvements. With a nine-fold increase in forest plantation cover, the nation resource base would be greatly improved. The non-technical issues, which have recently gained attention, include: (1) Environmental and ecological factors (e.g., carbon sequestration, reforestation and revegetation). (2) Renewables as a CO2 neutral replacement for fossil fuels. (3) Greater recognition of the importance of renewable energy, particularly modern biomass energy carriers, at the policy and planning levels. (4) Greater recognition of the difficulties of gathering good and reliable biomass energy data, and efforts to improve it. (5) Studies on the detrimental health efforts of biomass energy particularly from traditional energy users. There is a need for some further development to suit local conditions, to minimise spares holdings, to maximise interchangeability both of engine parts and of the engine application. Emphasis should be placed on full local manufacture (Abdeen, 2008a). Energy is an essential factor in development since it stimulates, and supports economic growth and development. Fossil fuels, especially oil and natural gas, are finite in extent, and should be regarded as depleting assets. The efforts are oriented to new energy sources. The clamour all over the world for the need to conserve energy and the environment has intensified as traditional energy resources continue to diminish whilst the environment becomes increasingly degraded. Alternative energy sources can potentially help to fulfill the acute energy demand and sustain economic growth in many regions of the world. Bioenergy is beginning to gain importance in the global climate change fight. The scope for exploiting organic wastes as a source of energy is not limited to direct incineration or refuse-derived fuels burning. Biogas, biofuels and woody biomass are other forms of energy sources that can be derived from organic waste materials. These biomass energy sources have significant potential in the fight against climate change (Abdeen, 2008b). Conservation of energy and rationing in some form will however have to be practised by most countries, to reduce oil imports and redress balance of payments positions. Meanwhile, the development and the application of nuclear power and some of the traditional solar, wind, biomass and water energy alternatives must be set in hand to supplement what remains of the fossil fuels. The encouragement of greater energy use is an essential development component. In the short-term it requires mechanisms to enable the rapid increase in energy/capita, and in the long term we should be working towards a way of life based on energy efficiency and without the impairment of the environment or of causing safety problems. Such a programme should as far as possible be based on renewable energy resources (Abdeen, 2008c). Large-scale, conventional, power plant such as hydropower has an important part to play in development. It does not, however, provide a complete solution. There is an important complementary role for the greater use of small scale, rural based-power plants. Such plant can be used to assist development since it can be made locally using local resources, enabling a rapid build-up in total equipment to be made without a corresponding and unacceptably large demand on central funds. Renewable resources are particularly suitable for providing the energy for such equipment and its use is also compatible with the long-term aims. With a view to fulfill the objective, a massive field survey was conducted to assess the availability of raw materials as well as the present situation of biomass technologies. The data were analysed. Agricultural residues recycling helps to reduce the intensity of use of natural resources, decreases the need for waste disposal, decreases the specific energy consumption in manufacturing and also provides reasonable levels of profits for those in the business. This article highlights the potential energy saving that could be achieved through use of biomass energy source. It also focuses on the optimisation and improvement of the operation conditions. In compiling energy consumption data it could be possible to categorise usage according to a number of different schemes: The aim of any modern biomass energy systems must be: Bioenergy is energy from the sun stored in materials of biological origin. This includes plant matter and animal waste, known as biomass. Plants store solar energy through photosynthesis in cellulose and lignin, whereas animals store energy as fats. When burned, the above mentioned materials break down and release energy exothermal energy, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2), heat and steam. The by-products of this reaction can be captured and manipulated to create power, commonly called bioenergy. Biomass is considered renewable because the carbon (C) is taken out of the atmosphere and replenished more quickly than the millions of years required for fossil fuels creation. The use of biofuels to replace fossil fuels contributes to a reduction in the overall release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence helps to tackle the global warming (Abdeen, 2008d). The move towards a low-carbon world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. The biomass energy, one of the important options, which might gradually replace the oil in facing the increased demand for oil and may be an advanced period in this century. Any county can depend on the biomass energy to satisfy part of local consumption. Development of biogas technology is a vital component of alternative rural energy programme, whose potential is yet to be exploited. A concerted effect is required by all if this is to be realised. The technology will find ready use in domestic, farming, and small-scale industrial applications. Support biomass research and exchange experiences with countries that are advanced in this field. In the meantime, the biomass energy can help to save exhausting the oil wealth. The diminishing agricultural land may hamper biogas energy development but appropriate technological and resource management techniques will offset the effects. Even with modest assumptions about the availability of land, comprehensive fuel-wood farming programmes offer significant energy, economic and environmental benefits. These benefits would be dispersed in rural areas where they are greatly needed and can serve as linkages for further rural economic development. The nations, as a whole would benefit from savings in foreign exchange, improved energy security, and socio-economic improvements. With a nine-fold increase in forest – plantation cover, the nation’s resource base would be greatly improved. The international community would benefit from pollution reduction, climate mitigation, and the increased trading opportunities that arise from new income sources. Furthermore, investigating the potential is needed to make use of more and more of its waste. Household waste, vegetable market waste, and waste from the cotton stalks, leather, and pulp; and paper industries can be used to produce useful energy either by direct incineration, gasification, digestion (biogas production), fermentation, or cogeneration. Therefore, effort has to be made to reduce fossil energy use and to promote green energies, particularly in the building sector. Energy use reductions can be achieved by minimising the energy demand, by rational energy use, by recovering heat and the use of more green energies. This study was a step towards achieving that goal. The adoption of green or sustainable approaches to the way in which society is run is seen as an important strategy in finding a solution to the energy problem. The key factors to reducing and controlling CO2, which is the major contributor to global warming, are the use of alternative approaches to energy generation and the exploration of how these alternatives are used today and may be used in the future as green energy sources. Even with modest assumptions about the availability of land, comprehensive fuel-wood farming programmes offer significant energy, economic and environmental benefits. These benefits would be dispersed in rural areas where they are greatly needed and can serve as linkages for further rural economic development. The nations as a whole would benefit from savings in foreign exchange, improved energy security, and socio-economic improvements. With a nine-fold increase in forest – plantation cover, a nation’s resource base would be greatly improved. The international community would benefit from pollution reduction, climate mitigation, and the increased trading opportunities that arise from new income sources. References Abdeen, M. O. (2008a). Renewable building energy systems and passive human comfort solutions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(6), 1562-1587. Abdeen, M. O. (2008b). People, power and pollution. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(7), 1864-1889. Abdeen, M. O. (2008c). Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(9), 2265-2300. Abdeen, M. O. (2008d). Focus on low carbon technologies: The positive solution. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(9), 2331-2357. Omer, A. M. (2008).Green energies and environment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, 1789-1821. Robinson, G. (2007). Changes in construction waste management. Waste Management World, 43-49. May-June 2007. Pollution Control -2020:Identifying, developing, and moving sustainable communities through Application of Bioenergy for Energy or Materials: Future Perspective through Energy Efficiency-Abdeen Mustafa Omer-UK
Abstract
1. Introduction
technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector, promote using biomass technology applications as an optimum means of heating and cooling. Recent attempts to stimulate alternative energy sources for heating and cooling of buildings has emphasised the utilisation of the bio-energy from agricultural residues, industry wastes, forestry and other renewable energy sources.
2. Methods, Materials and Approach
3. Bioenergy Development
8. Conclusion
Ana Sofia Figueroa Infante
Abstract
This examination contemplates the impact of water on the AC 80-100 black-top. The bitumen was assessed under the activity of water and its rheology was evaluated through tests with the dynamic shear rheometer. Physical execution was assessed by customary observational tests that included infiltration, relaxing point, pliability and consistency. The concoction tests were assessed on fluid chromatography (fractionation SARA) and infrared spectroscopy. The outcomes demonstrated that water affects the physical, visco-versatile and synthetic properties of black-top. Rheological properties demonstrated a sinusoidal estimation of |G*| additionally changes the black-top ? edge presented to water. Synthetic properties demonstrated significant changes in the actuation vitality of black-top and thus rose some practical gatherings that are proof of black-top maturing, for example, sulfoxides and carboxiles. Late Publications 1. Figueroa Infante A S and Reyes Lizcano F A (2015) Moisture harm investigation for a black-top blend through the fog test and the IPAS 2D(r) programming. Infraestructura Vial; 17(30): 31-39. 2. Infante A S F and Santanilla E F (2015) Estudio de material reciclado para reparar fisuras y su aplicaci n en un pavimento en Bogot. Epsilon; (24): 89-121.
This Work is presenting at 5th World Congress on Green Chemistry and Green Engineering on July 19-20, 2018 Melbourne, Australia
Introduction:
Black-top asphalt, for its superb driving exhibition and low commotion focal points, is broadly applied on the planet. During the administration period of black-top asphalt, dampness from the indigenous habitat can diffuse into the black-top fastener, which brings about the lessening of the asphalt execution of the black-top blend . Late investigations recommend that the communication between water oxygen particles and black-top can cause oxidation and maturing of black-top and increment its firmness and thickness. Additionally the water may break down piece of the parts of black-top, which mellow the black-top, diminishes the grip between the black-top fastener and total, and decreases the attachment ability inside the black-top folio. Therefore, the mechanical properties of black-top cement and the folio are debased Dampness harm is viewed as one of the most significant variables influencing black-top blend solidness. Water is firmly identified with the dampness harm of black-top asphalt during its administration stage, and the diverse watery solute structures of water, for example, in regions of corrosive downpour, seaboards, or saline and soluble land, may cause distinctive dampness harm consequences for a black-top fastener . In salty and muggy conditions, the quality of black-top blend crumbles effectively as a result of dampness harm from water invasion and salt concoction erosion. Following inundation in corrosive downpour arrangements, the asphalt execution of the black-top blends diminished with the abatement in the arrangement pH esteem . In a corrosive downpour region, where precipitation with pH < 3 happens , and in saline and antacid land territories where the pH estimation of soil might be over pH10 [20], the asphalt is exposed to around 10% sodium chloride consumption harm under snow dissolving . The decrease in the properties of the black-top blend has been identified with part changes under the impact of fluid solute in the water arrangement. A significant thought for understanding the black-top dampness harm process in various water arrangements is that the synthetic sythesis and rheological properties of black-top may not be equivalent to at the black-top water surface where ecological components have the best effect. Along these lines, understanding the procedure of dampness harm in black-top under ecological introduction, particularly the job and impact of the watery solute segment in this procedure, is essential to the exploration and counteraction of dampness harm to black-top asphalt.
2. Materials and Experimental Methods
The 70# black-top and SBS adjusted black-top were acquired from Hubei Guochuang Hi-tech Material Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China. Their fundamental properties are shown in Table 1. The malleability test temperatures of 70# black-top and SBS changed black-top were 10 °C and 5 °C, separately.
Table 1
Basic properties of 70# asphalt and SBS modified asphalt.
|
Properties |
Units |
70# Asphalt |
SBS Modified Asphalt |
Test Specification |
|
Penetration (25 °C, 10 g, 5 s) |
0.1 mm |
68 |
56 |
ASTM D5-61 |
|
Softening point |
°C |
47.2 |
74.0 |
ASTM D36-26 |
|
Ductility |
cm |
63.2 |
68.0 |
ASTM D113 |
In various locales, the watery solute piece of water arrangements are distinctive in nature. For instance, the pH estimation of precipitation might associate with 3 in corrosive downpour zones, the asphalt is exposed to around 10% sodium chloride consumption harm under snow dissolving, or the pH estimation of the arrangement might be over pH10 in saline and basic land. Along these lines, pH3 corrosive arrangement, 10% NaCl salt arrangement and pH11 soluble base arrangement were chosen in this paper. The readiness techniques for these are portrayed underneath.
Counterfeit corrosive arrangement was set up to recreate the normal fixings in corrosive downpour, for example, the SO42− and NO3− anions. It was set up with superb unadulterated sulfuric corrosive and nitric corrosive by the sequential weakening technique [22], the molar proportion of sulfuric corrosive and nitric corrosive was 9:1, the pH esteem was 3. Basic arrangement was set up with sodium hydroxide, and the pH esteem was 11. The water solute drenching trial of black-top fasteners were directed at 25 °C and ordinary weight, the pH of the arrangement was estimated with an exact pH test paper. Sodium chloride was weakened with refined water, the convergence of which was 10%.
Nadia El Ouahedy
ABSTRACT
In the current examination, we have researched the adsorption, by initiated carbon arranged from olive stones, of two toxins, Bisphenol An, a substance causes an interruption of endocrine frameworks and omnipresence in the oceanic condition, and diuron, a pesticide recognized in groundwater and may arrive at more elevated levels than wellbeing based gauges. The olive stones were artificially enacted and afterward pyrolysed (warm treatment under nitrogen). Then again, to upgrade the arrangement technique, the impact of the principle procedure boundaries, (for example, initiating operator utilized, impregnation proportion, temperature of pyrolysis step) on the exhibitions of the acquired actuated carbons (communicated regarding adsorption limit of BPA and diuron and explicit surface region) was examined. The physicochemical properties of the actuated carbon arranged were described by N2 adsorption/desorption, FTIR, SEM, X-Ray diffraction, CHNS and TGA/DTA. To improve the adsorption boundaries of the enacted carbon, primer examinations were accomplished, for example, the impacts of arrangement introductory pH and temperature, impact of beginning centralization of the poisons. Promising exhibitions were called attention to as 70% of diuron and 92% of BPA can be expelled from watery answer for an underlying fixation individually 35 mg/L and 20 mg/L, when the typical centralizations of BPA in natural waters are in the scope of 10 ng/L to 400 ?g/L and diuron is around 1 to 600 ng/L. This creative procedure depends on valorization of horticultural waste biomass, of which billions of kilograms are delivered every year, to minimal effort however productive adsorbent that can add to natural remediation.
This Work is presenting at 9th World Congress on Green Chemistry and Technology on September 17-19, 2018 at Amsterdam, Netherlands
Introduction
Natural contamination is the term utilized when huge amounts of natural mixes. It starts from household sewage, urban run-off, mechanical effluents and horticulture wastewater. sewage treatment plants and industry including food preparing, mash and paper making, agribusiness and aquaculture. During the deterioration procedure of natural poisons the broke down oxygen in the accepting water might be expended at a more prominent rate than it tends to be recharged, causing oxygen exhaustion and having serious ramifications for the stream biota. Wastewater with natural toxins contains enormous amounts of suspended solids which diminish the light accessible to photosynthetic creatures and, on settling out, change the qualities of the stream bed, rendering it an unacceptable living space for some spineless creatures. Natural toxins incorporate pesticides, composts, hydrocarbons, phenols, plasticizers, biphenyls, cleansers, oils, oils, pharmaceuticals, proteins and starches [1-3].
Harmful natural contaminations cause a few ecological issues to our condition. The most widely recognized natural contaminations named tireless natural poisons (POPs). POPs are mixes of extraordinary worry due to their toxicity,persistence, long-go transport capacity [4] and bioaccumulation in creatures [5], travel significant distances and continue living beings. POPs are carbon-based synthetic mixes and blends (twelve poisons) that incorporate mechanical synthetic compounds, for example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, for example, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dibenzo-p (dioxins) and dibenzo-p (furans) [6]. PCDD/Fs are discharged to the earth as side-effects of a few procedures, similar to squander cremation or metal creation [7]. A considerable lot of these mixes have been or keep on being utilized in huge amounts and because of their ecological ingenuity, can bioaccumulate and biomagnify
Effective methods for the evacuation of exceptionally poisonous natural mixes from water have drawn huge intrigue. Various techniques, for example, coagulation, filtration with coagulation, precipitation, ozonation, adsorption, particle trade, invert assimilation and propelled oxidation forms have been utilized for the expulsion of natural contaminations from dirtied water and wastewater. These strategies have been seen as restricted, since they regularly include high capital and operational expenses. Then again particle trade and opposite assimilation are increasingly alluring procedures on the grounds that the toxin esteems can be recuperated alongside their expulsion from the effluents. Invert assimilation, particle trade and propelled oxidation forms don't appear to be financially doable on account of their moderately high venture and operational expense.
Among the potential procedures for water medicines, the adsorption procedure by strong adsorbents shows potential as one of the most proficient strategies for the treatment and evacuation of natural contaminants in wastewater treatment. Adsorption has points of interest over different techniques in light of straightforward plan and can include low interest in term of both beginning expense and land required. The adsorption procedure is broadly utilized for treatment of modern wastewater from natural and inorganic contaminations and meet the incredible consideration from the scientists. Lately, the quest for minimal effort adsorbents that have poison – restricting limits has increased. Materials locally accessible, for example, characteristic materials, rural squanders and mechanical squanders can be used as minimal effort adsorbents. Actuated carbon created from these materials can be utilized as adsorbent for water and wastewater treatment
Adsorption phenomenon
Adsorption is a surface wonder with basic instrument for natural and inorganic toxins evacuation. At the point when an answer containing absorbable solute comes into contact with a strong with a profoundly permeable surface structure, fluid strong intermolecular powers of fascination cause a portion of the solute atoms from the answer for be aggregated or saved at the strong surface. The solute held (on the strong surface) in adsorption forms is called adsorbate, though, the strong on which it is held is called as an adsorbent. This surface amassing of adsorbate on adsorbent is called adsorption. This making of an adsorbed stage having a creation unique in relation to that of the mass liquid stage frames the premise of partition by adsorption innovation.
In a mass material, all the holding necessities (be they ionic, covalent, or metallic) of the constituent molecules of the material are filled by different particles in the material. Notwithstanding, iotas on the outside of the adsorbent are not completely encircled by other adsorbent particles and subsequently can draw in adsorbates. The specific idea of the holding relies upon the subtleties of the species in question, however the adsorption procedure is commonly named physicsorption (normal for frail Van Der Waals powers) or chemisorption (normal for covalent holding). It might likewise happen because of electrostatic fascination.
Types of adsorbents
Different types of adsorbents are classified into natural adsorbents and synthetic adsorbents. Natural adsorbents include charcoal, clays, clay minerals, zeolites, and ores. These natural materials, in many instances are relatively cheap, abundant in supply and have significant potential for modification and ultimately enhancement of their adsorption capabilities. Synthetic adsorbents are adsorbents prepared from Agricultural products and wastes, house hold wastes, Industrial wastes, sewage sludge and polymeric adsorbents. Each adsorbent has its own characteristics such as porosity, pore structure and nature of its adsorbing surfaces. Many waste materials used include fruit wastes, coconut shell, scrap tyres, bark and other tannin-rich materials, sawdust, rice husk, petroleum wastes, fertilizer wastes, fly ash, sugar industry wastes blast furnace slag, chitosan and seafood processing wastes, seaweed and algae, peat moss, clays, red mud, zeolites, sediment and soil, ore minerals etc.
Activated carbons as adsorbent for organic pollutants consists in their adsorption a complex process and there still exists considerable difficulty. The main cause of this difficulty results from the large number of variables involved. These include, for example, electrostatic, dispersive and chemical interactions, intrinsic properties of the solute (for example solubility and ionization constant), intrinsic properties of the adsorbent (such pore size distribution), solution properties (in particular, pH) and the temperature of the system
Conclusion
Natural poisons in the biological system, particularly persevering natural contaminations (POPs),are of the most significant ecological issues on the planet. The writing checked on uncovered that there has been a high increment underway and use of natural poisons in most recent couple of decades bringing about a major danger of contamination. Effective procedures for the expulsion of profoundly harmful natural mixes from water and wastewater have drawn huge intrigue. Adsorption is perceived as a successful and minimal effort procedure for the expulsion of natural toxins from water and wastewater, and produce great rewarded emanating. This section featured the expulsion of natural contaminations utilizing adsorption method with various types of normal and manufactured adsorbents.
Numerous explores have given extensive consideration planned for building up to the evacuation proficiency of natural toxins by adsorption procedure. To diminish treatment costs, endeavors have been made to discover economical option enacted carbon (AC), from squander materials of modern, local and farming exercises. Additionally, dirts and characteristic earth minerals, because of their high surface territory and sub-atomic strainer structure, are powerful adsorbents for natural contaminants. The part center, surveys and assesses writing committed on the adsorption marvel, various kinds of regular and manufactured adsorbents, adsorption of colors, phenols, pesticides and other natural poisons. At last it finished with late explores of natural contaminations adsorption on actuated carbons, dirts and earth minerals.
Simon A Morley
Human culture and food security depend on the biological system administrations gave by notable examples of biodiversity. We in this manner need to comprehend the variables that figure out where species can and can't live, and the effect of both regular and anthropogenic variety. Such forecasts require a comprehension of the components basic species run cutoff points, and how they are connected to atmosphere. The Southern Ocean offers a ???characteristic research facility??? for testing the developmental and physiological limit of species in light of their condition. Its disengagement has brought about significant levels of endemism and the absence of indigenous people implies that the earth is near perfect. It is a continually chilly sea however with huge occasional variety in light levels, essential profitability and pH. Creatures living in the Southern Ocean have a few physiological adjustments for life vulnerable, including regular radiator fluid, expanded mitochondrial densities and the capacity to develop to an enormous size. Life in the extraordinary virus has additionally brought about a decreased capacity to adapt to warming. As far as possible for limpets and mollusks are just 1 to 2C above current most extreme summer temperatures. Examinations of long haul oceanographic and regenerative informational indexes have demonstrated that perhaps the most grounded signal influencing interannual changeability in generation is El Nio, which causes sensational changes in the seaside framework. Notwithstanding this comprehension, the Western Antarctic Peninsula has been one of the quickest warming locales, bringing about huge changes in the cryosphere. The decrease in the span of winter ocean ice, an expansion in vitality move from the air and the increment in icy mass scour has brought about emotional changes in benthic networks. Discoveries from the Antarctic have shown us much the advancement of physiological limit and the development of marine networks across scopes.
This work is partly presented at 5th World Conference on Climate Change October on 04-06, 2018 held at London, UK
Introduction:
Antarctica energizes the human creative mind, be it the tremendous scope, natural boundaries, monster chunks of ice, marvelous mountain reaches and vistas, or its magnetic untamed life. Simultaneously, it is vital to Earth's atmosphere and maritime dissemination frameworks. While the pioneers of the "chivalrous age" gathered still indispensable examples and information, logical investigation for the most part just started after the Second World War and especially with the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957/8. A few sections remain organically unsurveyed. Since the IGY, a few pieces of the landmass, especially the Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Arc, have confronted probably the most fast ecological changes anyplace. This incorporates being one of the most quickly warming locales comprehensively, albeit quite a bit of this warming is underlain by territorial as opposed to worldwide procedures.
Antarctica was vital to the disclosure of the stratospheric ozone gap, a result of anthropogenic air contamination, starting worldwide worry about the conceivably unsafe impacts of bright (UV)– B radiation to natural, including human, frameworks (3). This prompted the quick arrangement and execution of the Montreal Protocol, controlling the outflow of the mindful synthetic concoctions. The ozone opening is proposed to have been one contributing component as of now securing the principle body of the Antarctic mainland from the warming effects of worldwide climatic change (3–6, 7). For whatever length of time that the Montreal Protocol is clung to, the ozone opening is anticipated to fix throughout the following century, with the primary away from of this being accounted for as of late (8–10).
Since around 2000, the solid climatic warming pattern along the Antarctic Peninsula has delayed, despite the fact that it is anticipated to continue (11). Throughout the following century, the whole landmass is relied upon to begin to see climatic changes equivalent to those recorded to date along the Antarctic Peninsula (12, 13). The anticipated "filling" of the ozone opening is probably going to give further positive input to this procedure. Indeed, even with this degree of progress, the inside of the mainland will stay far beneath zero and along these lines organic effects are probably not going to be significant. In beach front locales, summer air temperatures are as of now near freezing, and warming will have far more prominent organic pertinence, prompting expanded soften and sans ice territory particularly around the Antarctic Peninsula (14). All inclusive, regardless of proceeding with increment in air CO2 fixation, there has been an ongoing log jam in the pace of warming. This might be because of a redistribution of warmth inside the environment cryosphere framework (15), with the decrease in air warming nearly comparing in vitality terms to the contemporaneous increments in ice liquefying.
Occasionally ice-secured lakes can be especially delicate to natural change and amplify the warming found in air temperature (16, 17). In the oceanic Antarctic, warming and changes in precipitation have the most significant impacts, with expanded natural creation driven by diminished ice spread and blending in the water section driven by surface introduction to wind. A few lakes contain pointers of changes in other natural factors, for example, expanded saltiness because of drier conditions and more noteworthy vanishing coming about because of an alter in winning breeze course (18). The negative effects of reliably drier conditions are likewise evident in changing examples of greenery plenitude and wellbeing in parts of the mainland Antarctic coastline (19).
DIRECT HUMAN IMPACTS
Generally not many individuals visit Antarctica on a yearly premise—around 5000 national administrator staff and moving toward 50,000 travelers (191, 192). Examination exercises are thought around the exploration stations in the South Shetland Islands and northern Antarctic Peninsula, just as those in Victoria Land. There are no exchanging ports, local human populaces, mechanical turns of events, or exchange courses. The Southern Ocean bolsters significant fisheries that are controlled under the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a Convention of the Antarctic Treaty. Traveler tasks principally utilize littler journey ships and spotlight on a generally modest number of notable areas, for the most part in the South Shetlands and northern Antarctic Peninsula (192, 193). Examination staff and their help work force normally spend longer periods based at a solitary area, while vacationers take an interest in short arrivals over a few areas one after another, investing far less energy in land by and large. National administrators additionally land load at stations and field locales and bolster remote activities over the whole landmass (61, 191). The "venturing stone" nature of numerous strategic and visit vessel courses, visiting progressive areas inside or between Antarctic locales, fuels the danger of intra-and interregional move of both local and non-local life forms (192, 193).
Direct human effects give an unmistakable arrangement of dangers well beyond those related with environmental change. Ashore, human movement centers around the extremely little land region that is without ice, dominatingly close to the coast where most exploration stations and guest locales are found. These are similar zones in which earthly biological systems are best evolved and that have marine vertebrate reproducing and shedding fixations. Consequently, there is rivalry for access to and utilization of the extremely constrained asset of without ice land, with the outcome that it has as of late been archived that an abnormally huge extent is as of now influenced by human movement (194, 195).
The proceeding with effects of authentic marine abuse and other mechanical exercises are felt in parts of the Antarctic, especially the sub-Antarctic islands and the northern oceanic Antarctic (196, 197). Ashore, these essentially incorporate the remaining parts of coastal whaling stations, some of which were major mechanical locales (198). A few, for example, Grytviken (South Georgia) and Whaler's Bay (Deception Island), have been balanced out and at any rate in part tidied up and are presently chronicled landmarks, while others incorporate progressively scattered flotsam and jetsam and different kinds of contamination. These recorded businesses nearly cleared out hide seals in the late eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years, trailed by the extraordinary whales in the twentieth century. These significant marine biological system disturbances leave us incapable to recreate its unique state, and the Southern Ocean environment is as yet recouping from them. Before CCAMLR, there was practically uncontrolled overexploitation of a scope of finfish animal varieties in different Southern Ocean districts, again with restricted proof of resulting recuperation [e.g., (199)]. The present dynamic modern angling industry doesn't utilize land-based help offices, despite the fact that (alongside national administrator and the travel industry delivering activities) there is as yet the potential for both earthly and marine effects coming about because of mishaps, wrecks, and related contamination (191, 200).
CONCLUSIONS
One of the establishing Antarctic Treaty standards, reaffirmed in the "Santiago Declaration" of 2016 (264, 265), is to guarantee the safeguarding and insurance of the Antarctic condition. Antarctica faces twin difficulties from the different results got from worldwide natural change and increasingly neighborhood scale direct effects of human movement, and both need consideration if this establishing standard is to be accomplished. Environmental change is nevertheless one of the dangers confronting Antarctica in the following century and past, and a portion of the immediate outcomes of human movement, especially those of authentic marine abuse, land use change, and organic attacks, are, actually, liable to (proceed to) have far more prominent prompt effects on Antarctic biological systems than environmental change in essence.
This work is partly presented at 5th World Conference on Climate Change October on 04-06, 2018 held at London, UK
Reference
1. Ashton G V, Morley S A, Barnes D K A, Clark M S and Peck L S (2017) Warming by 1°C drives species and assemblage level responses in Antarctica’s marine shallows. Current Biology 27(17):2698–2705.
2. Watson S A, Morley S A and Peck L S (2017) Latitudinal trends in shell production cost from the tropics to the poles Science Advances 3(9):e1701362.
3. Morley S A, Nguyen K D, Peck L S, Lai C-H and Tan K S (2017) Can acclimation of thermal tolerance, in adults and across generations, act as a buffer against climate change in tropical marine ectotherms? J Therm. Biol. 68:195–199.
4. Morley S A, Suckling C S, Clark M S, Cross E L and Peck L S (2016) Long term effects of altered pH and temperature on the feeding energetics of the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri. Biodiversity 17:34–45.
5. Morley S A Chien-Hsian L, Clarke A, Tan K S, Thorne M A S and Peck L S (2014) Limpet feeding rate and the consistency of physiological response to temperature. J Comp Physiol. 184:563–570.
Richard Parker
With a great pleasure, I would like to express my happiness on the eve of entering into the 7th year of this Scientific Publishing Field. Initially we started this Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development with the aim to disseminate advanced knowledge all over the globe. Thankfully, with the constant support of Eminent Editorial Board Members, Potential Reviewers and Active Authors we are able to run this journal so successfully till now and we hope it continues in near future also. Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development provides the bimonthly publication of articles. In the year of 2019, we have published a very good number of articles, which were recent discoveries. The main focus of this journal is to maintain safe and potent biological system that preserves biodiversityWith a great pleasure, I would like to express my happiness on the eve of entering into the 7th year of this Scientific Publishing Field. Initially we started this Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development with the aim to disseminate advanced knowledge all over the globe. Thankfully, with the constant support of Eminent Editorial Board Members, Potential Reviewers and Active Authors we are able to run this journal so successfully till now and we hope it continues in near future also. Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development provides the bimonthly publication of articles. In the year of 2019, we have published a very good number of articles, which were recent discoveries. The main focus of this journal is to maintain safe and potent biological system that preserves biodiversity
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