Revista de Artes e Ciências Sociais

Discrimination against women is a global issue as even in developed Western nations women experience biasness on the basis of their gender. In developing countries like Pakistan, gender discrimination is more rampant in both rural as well as urban areas. The study aim is to find out the causes of low education, poor socio-economic conditions, societal trends, religious influence, culture and participation in decision making that have led to gender discrimination in Quetta. A quantitative research approach has been taken to fulfill the objectives of this research. A mixed sample of illiterate and literate, male and female respondents was chosen at random and data was collected through questionnaires distributed among the literate population while the illiterate population was interviewed. The findings reveal that gender discrimination is rampant in Balochistan and girls are not allowed to pursue education, denied good healthcare and their social relationships and social behavior is also controlled by men. Illiteracy, rigid customs and traditions, patriarchal society and influence of religious personalities were the main causes of gender discrimination in Quetta. Discrimination is present at all levels and among all classes; however the type and level of discrimination varies with the educational background of the respondents. The illiterate respondents had more rigid views about gender discrimination and were more under the influence of religious personalities. In fact majority of the respondents desired an end to gender discrimination and considered it a cause of socio-economic deprivation in the province. Study explores the various issues women face in their daily lives in education, health care, social relationships and decision making in context of gender discrimination.

Several serious incidents are unforeseen to organizations, companies and actors when they occur. Organizations as well as individuals are challenged by continuous threats, accidents and unforeseen events. Unforeseen events have other characteristics than events that can easily be predicted based on historical data and experience. This paper describes the data collection concept Methodology for handling the unforeseen (UN-METH), developed within the Strategic Institute Initiative at IFE(Institute For Energy Technology), IO-EPO(Integrated Operations-Emergency Preparedness Organization), and uses the insight about the nature of the unforeseen developed through the Norwegian basic research and book project “Pedagogy for the unforeseen". UN-METH consists of two different approaches: UN-CAF (Unforeseen Competence Assurance Framework), where an organization’s preparedness plans are analyzed to determine to what extent they are considering the unforeseen, and UN-ORG (UNforeseen Organization questionnaire), which is a questionnaire that can be distributed to personnel in an organization, where individuals evaluate their organizations’ preparedness and ability to handle the unforeseen. The main purpose of this article is documenting the development and evaluation process of UN-ORG. This process was conducted to investigate the applicability, usefulness and relevance of the questionnaire directly with professionals with relevant experience in the area. The development and evaluation approach is based on methodological principles proposed by Stufflebeam. Interviews, a survey and a case study were used during the evaluation. The results indicated that the questionnaire is highly applicable, focuses on the unforeseen and that it covers an important area. Interviews further identified specific recommendations of items to improve and add. Publishing the findings from this development and evaluation process of the questionnaire, is a first step in making the method known for different organizations. By using UN-ORG, separately or in combination with UN-CAF, organizations can gain valuable insight into their own preparedness for the unforeseen, and the researchers can get useful input and gradually improve the methodology itself.

This study sought to establish the effects of interethnic conflict on Rural People’s Livelihoods in Kenyenya and Rongo Sub-counties, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. The specific objective was to investigate the effects of interethnic conflicts on livelihoods of people along the border. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target Population consisted of 3940 households along the borders of Kenyenya and Rongo Sub-counties. 434 households consisting of 10% of the target population were selected using simple random sampling and while 32 key informants were purposeful selected. Data was collected from primary source using the local people who have been affected by the ethnic conflict. Data was collected using questionnaire and interview schedules and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic data analysis (content analysis) while the quantitative data was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. The findings were presented in frequency distribution tables and graphs. It was established that there is ethnic conflict along the borders of Kenyenya and Rongo borders involving the Luo, Kisii and Maasai Communities. The findings established that inter-ethnic conflict along the borders affected the smooth running economic activities of the people. The inter-ethnic conflict caused loss of income to the victims of violence. There was also disruption of trade during the conflicts. The study recommended the need to establish a peace building process along the borders of Kenyenya and Rongo Subcounties among grass communities to improve their role in ethnic conflict resolution. Since historical days, traditional institutions were important in creating peace, security, law and order.

Mortgage is a long-term commitment that ties a prospective homeowner down to mortgage repayment for a long period usually more than 10 years and transfer of a legal or equitable interest in a specific immovable property for the payment of debt. Although mortgage helps an individual to acquire a home (house/land), it carries with it a huge responsibility, that of repaying the loan. This may be a hard task and even at times impossible due to the bottlenecks held by the economy and investors. These include; high rates of interest on mortgages, extortion by investors, poor saving culture, lack of stable employments and lack of awareness. The study aims at assessing socio-demographic factors that make individuals in middle-income economies to adopt mortgage plans. The study mainly targets the proportion of people who do not meet the requirements for the current mortgage plans. Primary methods of data collection were employed. The residents of Langas in Uasin-Gishu County subjects were interviewed as well as allowed to answer the administered close-ended questionnaires. A multivariate logistic regression model showing the relationship between awareness for mortgage plans and various socio-demographic variables was tested. The results show that there is a strong significant association between mortgage awareness with factors such as age and education level. Thus the rise in mortgage uptake is well explained by socio-demographic factors. Although the study established a positive relationship between mortgage uptake and occupation status among those in permanent employment category, the relationship was found to be insignificant.

Background: For military officers it is important to accomplish the mission and to take care of their personnel. The key to knowing how to challenge and support each individual in one’s unit lies in leadership communication and in getting to know each one. Purpose of Study: To discuss the use of guidance as a tool for improving leadership communication skills in officers. Sources of Evidence: The Norwegian Armed Forces needs leaders who can act in their role and position. The challenge is to collect and share information, to create a common situational awareness, and hence to achieve an interaction with others that provides the desired efficiency in accordance with the Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Operational Doctrine. Main argument: The officer needs knowledge and skills in building good relations with others in their own unit. The Norwegian Military Academy teaches guidance as a communication tool in leadership development. This is facilitated through a five-day course in guidance. The interpersonal relationships create a sense of esprit de corps, that is, feelings of loyalty, enthusiasm, devotion to a group, and mutual trust. Guidance helps the officers to learn about themselves and others, their own reaction patterns and those of others, and gives them an understanding of relationships. Conclusion: Dialogue provides an opportunity to reflect on the professional and personal challenges and thoughts. The focus is on facilitating that the individuals being guided increase their will to reflect on their own thought patterns and emotions.

Institutional is a process and community interaction that involves organizations as the executor to achieve common goals. The objective of PNPM-MP institutional in Semarang is to streamline the implementation of poverty reduction programs. One of the problems in this dissertation research is how institutional PNPM-MP in Semarang in reducing poverty. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze PNPM-MP institutional in Semarang. The research approach used in this study is phenomenological qualitative. Methods of data collection are interviews, observation, FGD (focus group discussion) and documentation. Data analysis technique used an interactive model, which is an analytical technique that is an integral cycle between data collection, data reduction, data performance, and making conclusions. The main variable to assess PNPM-MP institutional is leadership, doctrine, programs, resources, and internal structure. The conclusion of the study, that is, PNPM-MP institutional at the village level and base (BKM/KSM) has not been effective in the horizontal and vertical ties and is still regarded as the program product and has not been institutionalized as poverty reduction as well.

There are differing views on the origins of Pansori and its differing aspects depending on the objects of analysis and perspective. Various methods of interpretation and studies would be possible. The purpose of this study was to analyze 422 academic papers published by a pre-eminent academic journal on Pansori according to a number of different criteria by categorizing them both by time period and also by their subject matters. This study categorized trends of research conducted on Pansori between 1990 and 2014 into 7 categories. The most frequently studied topics include singing style of the performers portraying implicit rhythms and story texts and the way in which each school of Pansori has passed down its unique ways and methods. The key implication of this study is that the analysis of research trends on this topic would enable expansion of structured topics on traditional music as well as diversification of topics that could be studied further.

What occurs in the Iron Age clearly testifies to man’s relief from the burden of finding solutions to the problems of food, housing and natural defenses. In this age, agriculture is carried out by the necessary tools and different irrigation systems. Finding various products becomes possible, and architecture according to the geographical conditions creates its own particular technical rules and requirements. This ere, spanning from 1500 BC to 500 BC, has been identified and explored based on environmental data and systematic excavations.The main feature of the Azerbaijan and its neighboring lands have created many concentration and dispersed areas due to their various species of fauna and flora identified through archaeological excavations, their climatic adaptability, their abundance in water resources and many other favorable environmental conditions. These geographical capacities are among the influential factors in the structure of the Iron Age. What is important is that by analyzing the data related to archaeobotany, zooarchaelogy, palynology and soil study and investigating the flora and fauna symbols on pottery surfaces and the manufactured equipment in the form of animals, it is possible to specify the climate of Azerbaijan in the North West of Iran during that era in Iran’s history. By examining and analyzing these samples, it can be said that in the Iron Age, Azerbaijan had a mild and favorable climate for people, animals and plants.

This paper reveals the effort of Ethiopian government to mobilize its domestic water resources to support the country’s development initiatives as a better alternative to reliance on foreign aid. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed qualitative methodology. Besides, data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Based on the data analyzed, the study revealed that the government of Ethiopia has been committed to utilize its domestic water resources to support the overall development initiatives in the country. Accordingly, it has constructed several small and medium-scale hydro dams, which are currently supplying above 2000 MW electric power. It has also three crucial hydro dams under construction; their completion is expected to bring substantial change to the people and development for the country. Moreover, there are several dams which are planned to be constructed in the future. The findings of the study also show that, the aforementioned dam projects have been, all in all, financed and coordinated by Ethiopian government and its people. The government relied on its domestic available resources than the declining support from international donors. Thus, the study concludes that Domestic Resource Mobilization (DRM), mainly water resources, has been taken as a viable means of Ethiopia’s development since very early on, ahead of recent studies, which show the projected decline of foreign aid to African countries. The study calls for strong commitment of all the concerned bodies to effectuate the hydro dam projects under construction and future planned projects by sustaining their unlimited support to realize Ethiopia’s vision of becoming a middle-income country in the near future.

This research paper focuses on the emergence of women into the legal profession in Nigeria and the gender inequality that pervaded the legal profession in the colonial days of Nigeria’s judicial history. Essentially, most professions in Nigeria were dominated by the male gender and the legal profession was not exclusive, thereby, this paper seeks to understand the historical emergence of women into the legal profession. This paper utilized radical feminism theory in understanding the subject-matter. The paper engaged qualitative research method. The primary data were sourced from historical information such as oral information, observations and interviews. It also includes fieldwork, visits to the Nigerian Bar Association office, Law Schools and Law Faculties in some Universities in Nigeria to obtain vital data for the study. Purposive sampling was engaged in selecting the interviewees. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings were able to espouse the genesis and how women emerged into the legal profession in Nigeria.

The failure of providing meaningful employment is the catastrophic development failure of a country. India is a diverse economy encompasses of agriculture, handicraft, wide range of modern industries and multitude services sectors. These spacious spectrums of industries are classified under private and public sectors, but unfortunate for the nation neither the public nor the private sector is able to provide enough employment for the widening labor force. The formal sector affords to manage only marginal cult of the unemployed population although it is an informal/unorganized sector which perceived in past and is increasingly recognized as an alternative source of employment in today’s world. However, the informal/unorganized sector have prominent of problems like job security, social security, the stability of living, migration, child labour, and exploitation of working women. The worries in the informal sector are mounting and seem to be unbroken day by day. In this paper, we have taken some serious issue like migration, issues of working women in an informal sector and the child labour for the analysis. Further, we have dealt with an important concern of perception and problems of informal workers in India.

Because of the loss of Constantinople (Istanbul), the image of Mehmed II (Mehmet or literary Mahomet) is associated with the city and receives the most merciless hostile account from European Christians. The legend of uxoricide (killing wife) is associated with Sultan Mahomet's and his Fair Greek wife in Elizabethan and Restoration Drama. The same story is in Peele, Carlell, Swinhoe, Goring and Johnson. Elizabethan playwrights have interchanged discourses and prejudices as they crisscrossed between the Turks and their fascination in the Turks. The lustful Ottomans fascinate audiences not only through their harem stories, but by the extravagant tragedies and the magnificent staging of these plays. Similarly, the tragic love episode of the Sultan and the Greek spouse echoes in Goffe, Kyd, Shakespeare and others. Although the dramatic story is led in episodes of love, constancy, fortune, inconstancy, triumph, and death, it is politically exploiting the Turkish incursion in Europe, and the bad nature of the Ottoman Sultans.